一、 長短句原則

　　工作還得一張一馳呢，老讓讀者讀長句，累死人！寫一個短小精辟的句子，相反，卻可以起到畫龍點睛的作用。而且如果我們把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主題：

　　As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in awayquite similar.

　　如此可見，長短句結合，抑揚頓挫，豈不爽哉？牢記！

　　強烈建議：在文章第一段（開頭）用一長一短，且先長后短；在文章主體部分，要先用一個短句解釋主要意思，然后在闡述幾個要點的時候采用先短后長的句群形式，定會讓主體部分妙筆生輝！文章結尾一般用一長一短就可以了。

　　二、 主題句原則

　　國有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否則會給人造成“群龍無首”之感！相信各位讀過一些破爛文學，故意把主體隱藏在文章之內，結果造成我們稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉勸各位一定要寫一個主題句，放在文章的開頭（保險型）或者結尾，讓讀者一目了然，必會平安無事！特別提示：隱藏主體句可是要冒險的！

　　To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared beforetheexam（主題句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

　　三、 一 二 三原則

　　領導講話總是第一部分、第一點、第二點、第三點、第二部分、第一點… 如此羅嗦。可畢竟還是條理清楚?？脊賯兛次恼乱脖厝灰ㄟ^這些關鍵性的“標簽”來判定你的文章是否結構清楚，條理自然。***方法很簡單，只要把下面任何一組的詞匯加入到你的幾個要點前就清楚了。

　　1）first, second, third, last（不推薦，原因：俗）

　　2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推薦，原因：俗）

　　3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推薦，原因：俗）

　　4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推薦，原因：俗）

　　5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（強烈推薦）

　　6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（強烈推薦）

　　7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（強烈推薦）

　　8）most important of all, moreover, finally

　　9）on the one hand, on the other hand（適用于兩點的情況）

　　10）for one thing, for another thing（適用于兩點的情況）

　　建議：不僅僅在寫作中注意，平時說話的時候也應該條理清楚！

　　四、 短語優先原則

　　寫作時，尤其是在考試時，如果使用短語，有兩個好處：其一、用短語會使文章增加亮點，如果老師們看到你的文章太簡單，看不到一個自己不認識的短語，必然會看你低一等。相反，如果發現亮點―精彩的短語，那么你的文章定會得高分了。其二、關鍵時刻思維短路，只有湊字數，怎么辦？用短語是一個辦法！比如：I cannot bear it.可以用短語表達：I cannot put up with it. I want it.

　　可以用短語表達：I am looking forward to it.這樣字數明顯增加，表達也更準確。

　　五、 多實少虛原則

　　原因很簡單，寫文章還是應該寫一些實際的東西，不要空話連篇。這就要求一定要多用實詞，少用虛詞。

　　我這里所說的虛詞就是指那些比較大的詞。比如我們說一個很好的時候，不應該之說 nice 這樣空洞的詞，應該使用一些諸如 generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted,hospital 之類的形象詞。再比如：

　　走出房間，general 的詞是：walk out of the room

　　但是小偷走出房間應該說：slip out of the room

　　小姐走出房間應該說：sail out of the room

　　小孩走出房間應該說：dance out of the room

　　老人走出房間應該說：stagger out of the room

　　所以多用實詞，少用虛詞，文章將會大放異彩！

　　六、 多變句式原則

　　1）加法（串聯）

　　都希望寫下很長的句子，像個老外似的，可就是怕寫錯，怎么辦，最保險的寫長句的方法就是這些，可以在任何句子之間加 and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后關系或者并列關系。比如說：

　　I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.如果是二者并列的，我們可以用一個超級句式：

　　Notonlythefurcoatissoft,butitisalsowarm.(notonly…butalso…)

　　其它的短語可以用：besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

　　2）轉折（拐彎抹角）

　　批評某人缺點的時候，我們總習慣先拐彎抹角說說他的優點，然后轉入正題，再說缺點，這種方式雖然陰險了點，可畢竟還比較容易讓人接受。所以呢，我們說話的時候，只要在要點之前先來點廢話，注意二者之間用個轉折詞就夠了。

　　The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. Thecoatwasthin,but it was warm.

　　更多的短語：despite that, still 仍, however 然而, nevertheless 然而, in spite of 不管, despite不管, notwithstanding .雖然

　　3）因果（so, so, so）

　　昨天在街上我看到了一個女孩，然后我主動搭訕，然后我們去咖啡廳，然后我們認識了，然后我們成為了朋友…可見，講故事的時候我們總要追求先后順序，先什么，后什么，所以然后這個詞就變得很常見了。其實這個詞表示的是先后或因果關系！

　　The snow began to fall, so we went home.

　　更多短語：then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

　　4）失衡句（頭重腳輕，或者頭輕腳重）

　　有些人腦袋大，身體小，或者有些人腦袋小，身體大，雖然我們不希望長成這個樣子，可如果真的是這樣了，也就必然會吸引別人的注意力。文章中如果出現這樣的句子，就更會讓考官看到你的句子與眾不同。其實就是主語從句，表語從句，賓語從句的變形。

　　舉例：This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.

　　同樣主語、賓語、表語可以改成如下的復雜成分：When to go, Why he goes away…

　　5）附加（多此一舉）

　　如果有了老婆，總會遇到這樣的情況，當你再講某個人的時候，她會插一句說，我昨天見過他；或者說，就是某某某，如果把老婆的話插入到我們的話里面，那就是定語從句和同位語從句或者是插入語。

　　The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine. I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.

　　Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.

　　其實很簡單，同位語--要解釋的東西刪除后不影響整個句子的構成；定語從句―借用之前的關鍵詞并且用其重新組成一個句子插入其中，但是 whom or that 關鍵詞必須要緊跟在先行詞之前。

　　6）排比（排山倒海句）

　　文學作品中最吸引人的地方莫過于此，如果非要讓你的文章更加精彩的話，那么我希望你引用一個個的排比句，一個個得對偶句，一個個的不定式，一個個地詞，一個個的短語，如此表達將會使文章有排山倒海之勢！

　　Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.

　　Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas,solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.

　　We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. （氣勢恢宏）

　　要想寫出如此氣勢恢宏的句子非用排比不可！

　　七、 挑戰極限原則

　　既然十挑戰極限，必然是比較難的，但是并非不可攀！

　　原理：在學生的文章中，很少發現諸如獨立主格的句子，其實也很簡單，只要花上 5 分鐘的時間看看就可以領會，它就是分詞的一種特殊形式，分詞要求主語一致，而獨立主格則不然。比如：

　　The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.

　　Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.

　　如果您可一些出這樣的句子，不得高分才怪！

　　文章主體段落三大殺手锏：

　　一、舉實例

　　思維短路，舉實例！提出一個觀點，舉實例！提出一個方案，舉實例！而且者也是我們揭示一個觀點最好的方式，任何情況下，只要我們無法繼續文章，不管三七二十一，盡管舉例子！

　　In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance. For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her.

　　更多句型：To take … as an example, One example is…, Another example is…, for example

　　二、做比較

　　方法：寫完一個要點，比較與之相似的；又寫完一個要點，再比較與之相反的；

　　世界上沒有同樣的指紋，沒有相同的樹葉，文章亦同，只有通過比較，你才會發現二者的相同點（through comparison）和不同點（through contrast） 。下面是一些短語：

　　相似的比較：in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner

　　相反的比較：on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …,…

　　三、換言之

　　沒話說了，可以換一句話再說，讓你的文章在多一些字，或者文鄒鄒地說，是讓讀者更充分的理解你的觀點。

　　實際就是重復重復再重復！下面的句子實際上就三個字 I love you!

　　I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you.

　　I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you.

　　或者上面我們舉過的例子：

　　I cannot bear it.可以用短語表達：I cannot put up with it.

　　因此可以這樣說：I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.

　　更多短語：in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply“引言”段落中的常用句型：

　　1． …is a very popular topic which is much talked about not only by …but also by …

　　家庭人口多好還是家庭人口少好是一個非常通俗的主題，不僅是城里人，而且農民都經常談論這個問題。

　　Weahter a large family is a good thing or not is a very popular topic which is often talked about not only by city residents but by farners as well.

　　2.There is no denying the fact that…

　　無可否認，空氣污染是一個極其嚴重的問題：城市當局應該采取有力措施來解決它。

　　There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extemerely serious problem:the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

　　3.As is known to all,…

　　眾所周知，假冒偽劣商品損害了消費者的利益。

　　As is known to all,fake and inferior commodities harm the interests of consumers.(=do a lot of harm to the interests of comsumers)

　　4.More and more people are realing the importance of …

　　現在越來越多的人認識到法制教育的重要性。為了維護社會治安，我們每人都應該接受法制教育。

　　Tody an increaasing number of people have realized that law education is of great importance .In order to keep law and order,very one of us is supposed to get(=receive)a law education.

　　5.FromwhatIhavementionedabovewecanseeclearlythat…

　　從上面我所提到的，我們可以清楚地看到，電視暴力對青少年的影響是極其深遠的。

　　From what I have mentoned above,we can see clearly that violence on TV has great influence on young adults’behaviour.(或 teenagers’behavior 或 youngsters’behavior)

　　“正文”段落中常用的句型：

　　1．There are some good reasons for…(分析原因)

　　two possible

　　人民生活狀況的改善原因有兩點。首先，我們一直在貫徹執行改革開放政策。其次，國民經濟正在迅速發展，而且出生率已經得到控制。

　　There are two reasons for the improvement in people’s living conditions.Inthefirst place,we have been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy.Secondly,there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy .Further-more,the birth rate has been put under control.

　　2.My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows.In the first place,… Secondly,…Finally… solve

　　tackle

　　relieve （提出建議）

　　我對解決這個問題的建議如下。首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保護區。其次，有些瀕臨滅絕的珍稀野生動物應該收捕、人工喂養并繁殖。最后，對于捕獵珍稀野生動物的人必須嚴懲。

　　My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows .To begin with,it is urgent to create nature reserves.Secondly,certain rare wild animals that are goingtobeextinct should be collected,fed and reproduced artificially.Finally ,those who hunter them must be punished severely.

　　3.Different people have different opinions on this question.Some people believe that …

　　Others

　　problem. matter. argue that… Still others assert that…（論述不同看法）

　　人們對失敗持有不同的態度。面對失敗，有人能夠經得起考驗，從失敗中汲取教訓，并努力去完成他們下定決心要做的事情。然而，另一些人卻喪失信心并退卻了。

　　People differ in their attitudes towards failure.Faced with it ,some of them can stand up to it .draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfii what they are determined to do.Others,however,lose heart and give in.

　　4.It is important (nessary, urgent, difficult, easy, expensive, desirable, abvisable,convenient, comfortable)for sb. to do sth. （發表意見）

　　人們希望建立更多的醫院、購物中心、娛樂中心、電影院和其他公用設施來滿足人民日益增長的需求。

　　It is desirable to build more hospitals,shopping centres,recreation centres,cinemas and　other public facilities to meet the growing needs of people.

　　5.As a popular saying goes “Everything has two sides.” (分析利弊)

　　常言道：“事物總是一分為二的”。如今人們從科技發明中得到越來越多的好處。另一方面，科技進步也給我們帶來了許多麻煩。現在許多國家的人民飽嘗公害之苦。

　　As a popular saying goes, “Everything has two sides.” Now people (the public)are benefiting more and more from scientific and technological inventions. On the other hand,the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble.Peoplein many countries are srffering from public hazards.

　　6.For example, … （舉例闡述） For instance, … Let’s take …for examlpe.

　　就拿汽車為例。汽車不僅污染城市空氣，而且使城市擁擠不堪。此外，汽車造成許多交通事故。汽車所產生的噪音使居住在街道兩旁的居民日夜不得安寧。

　　Les ’ s take cars for example.They not only pollute the air in cities,but make them crowed.Furthermore,they carse a lot of traffic accidents. (…, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents.) The noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.

　　7.It is generally believed that … accepted （引證觀點） thought held

　　普遍認為，在發達國家人口增長的主要原因與其說是出生率的上升，還不如說是由于醫療保健的改善的使死亡率下降了。

　　It is generally believed (=thought) that the chief reason for the increase in population in developed coutries is not so much the rise in birth rates as the decline in death rates as a result of the improvement in medical care.

　　8. …causes (produces, brings about, leads to, results in …)（因果關系）毫無疑問，需求的增長導致了價格的上漲。

　　There is no doubt that the increase in demand causes(results in/leads to) the rise in prices.

　　圖表概述或描述中常用的句型

　　1. As is shown by the graph,… （概述圖表）

　　in the table.

　　正如曲線所示，最近 54 年來該國人口飛速增長。

　　As is shown by the graph,there has been a rapid increase in the population of the country in the past five years.

　　2. It can be seen from the table that … （得出結論） shown graph concluded figures estimated statistics

　　A. 從表中所給的統計數字可以看出，從 1985 年到 1990 年中國的人均收入迅速提高。

　　From the statistics given in the table it can be seen that the average personal income of the Chinese people increased (grew 、rose) rapidly from 1985 to 1990.

　　B. 從曲線圖可以得出結論，最近 5 年來中國人口的出生率已經大大下降。

　　It can be concluded from the graph that there has been a great decline in birth rates in China in the past five years.

　　3. … amount to … （數量總計） add up to come to

　　sum up to

　　全部費用合計 200 美元。All the expenses (costs) amount to (= add up to) $ 200.

　　4. … increase from … to … （ 數量增減 ） decrease rise fall drop

　　A. 這個工廠生產的彩電已由 1986 年的 5000 臺增加到 1990 年的21000 臺。

　　The number of colour TV sets produced by the factory increased (rose , grew , climbed)　from 5000 in 1986 to 21000 in 1990.

　　B.參加者的人數增加到 30 萬。The number of paticipants grew up to 300000 persons = increased , reaching 300000 persons).

　　C. 這個學校的教職工人數已減少到 700 人。The number of teaching staff members in this school has decreased to 700 persons.

　　5.（be）three times as + 形容詞 + as 總產量 total output 鋼的年產量 the annual output of 上升 17% rise by 17per cent steel 日產量 the daily output 導致產量下降 result in a diminished output

　　現在我們地區的糧食產量相當于 1970 年的 3倍。

　　The grain production (= output)in our area now is three times as great as that of 1970.

　　6.Compared with … , …

　　與去年相比，今年 13 項主要產品的產量都有大幅度增長。The factory has an output of 9 million cigarettes daily.

　　Compared with that of last year,the output of 13 main products (= items) this year has increased to a great extent.

　　7.There is (was) a rapid rise in … be on the rise

　　has been sharp increase on the increase

　　sudden decrease on the decline

　　steady decline

　　gradual fall

　　slow drop

　　slight

　　最近幾年來這個地區的棉花產量有了迅速增長。

　　The cotton output in this area has increased rapidly in the past few years.

　　――“結尾”段落中常用的句型：

　　1. In my opinion, … 2. Personally, I … 3. In short (= In brief), …

　　4. In conclusion, … 5.As far as I’m concerned, … 6. To conclude , it seems clearthat…

　　至于說到我，我贊成前一種觀點。所以，我的結論是，只要我們堅持正確的東西，改正錯誤的東西，我們就一定能成功。

　　As far as I’ mconcerned,I’ m in favour of the former view.Therefore,my conclusion is that we are certain to succeed as long as we stick to what is right and correct what is wrong.